Grammar and Vocabulary for TOEFL

Mastering grammar is essential for success in the TOEFL exam. Here are some key grammar rules to focus on:

• Subject-Verb Agreement: Ensure the subject and verb in a sentence agree in number. For example, "He runs" vs. "They run." This rule is fundamental for constructing grammatically correct sentences. Practice by identifying subjects and verbs in various sentences and ensuring they match in number.
• Tense Consistency: Maintain consistent verb tenses within sentences and paragraphs to avoid confusion. For instance, if you start a story in the past tense, keep it in the past tense. Switching tenses can confuse readers and obscure the timeline of events.
• Pronoun Reference: Make sure pronouns clearly refer to the correct nouns to avoid ambiguity. Ambiguous pronoun references can make sentences unclear. Practice by rewriting sentences to clarify pronoun references.
• Parallel Structure: Use the same grammatical form for elements in a list or comparison. For example, "She likes running, swimming, and biking." This rule helps create balance and rhythm in writing, making it more readable.
• Modifiers: Place descriptive words or phrases close to the words they modify to avoid misinterpretation. Misplaced modifiers can lead to humorous or confusing sentences. Practice by identifying modifiers in sentences and ensuring they are correctly placed.

A rich vocabulary is crucial for all sections of the TOEFL exam. Here are some strategies to build your vocabulary:

• Read Regularly: Engage with diverse reading materials such as books, articles, and academic papers to encounter new words. Reading regularly exposes you to new vocabulary in context, helping you understand how words are used naturally.
• Use Flashcards: Create flashcards with new words and their meanings to practice regularly. Flashcards are a proven method for memorizing new vocabulary, and you can use apps to create digital flashcards for convenience.
• Learn Word Families: Study related words (e.g., "create," "creation," "creative") to expand your vocabulary efficiently. Understanding word families helps you recognize and understand new words related to those you already know.
• Contextual Learning: Understand words in context by reading sentences or paragraphs that use the word. This method helps you grasp the nuances and connotations of words, improving your ability to use them correctly.
• Practice Synonyms and Antonyms: Enhance your understanding of words by learning their synonyms and antonyms. This practice broadens your vocabulary and helps you understand the subtle differences between similar words.

By focusing on these key grammar rules and actively building your vocabulary, you'll be well-prepared for the TOEFL exam. Consistent practice and engagement with English in various forms will help you achieve the proficiency needed to excel. Good luck with your TOEFL preparation!